There’s more to oil than just lubrication.
It’s got to lubricate as well as pick up bits of metal and carry them to the filter, there are detergents, anti-wear agents, anti-foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors etc.
At the top level: you have to pick the right type of oil for the type of engine. Diesels are different from petrol. There’s division along 4stroke/2stroke also.
There’s the viscosity of the oil, which is important from the perspective of how easily it flows through the engine. There’s two measures of this in the numbers (check the numbers on the bottles) which are from cold start and at engine operating temp. So having too “thick” an oil for starting might mean that oil isn’t flowing properly while the engine is cold which means damage to parts.
So that’s what the 5W-something or 10W- something is all about. You might find that your manual gives you some options usually. The eternal battle with engine oils is having one that is easy to flow while cold, but still thick enough at temperature to lubricate well.
It gets confusing when you have the multi-grade stuff and they have different letters/numbers for things.
Then you’re onto the notion of full synthetic, blends, etc. Full synthetic = more expensive, better performance in pretty much every measure (viscosity at low and high, oil life, resistance to breaking down etc). Mineral/natural/conventional oil: cheaper, work well for most engines, most common for cars etc. Semi-synthetic: meets in the middle somewhere, useful for motorbike engines that don’t need quite the performance of a fully synthetic oil.
During engine break in on my 675 they used quite a thick natural oil or a semi-synthetic (I think) and the idea was that it was “goopier” to suck up the early bits of metal that would come out of the engine during break in. Then they recommend mobil 1 fully synthetic. So for break in it was important not to switch to full synthetic too early or else it may actually damage the engine. So kinda amusing when people talk of taking care of their engine changing their oil after the first 100 miles and going to the “normal” fully synthetic rather than using a thicker oil for the first 500 (as they’ve probably done more harm than good).
My old bullet proof GS500 used to burn a bit of oil, I think at one stage there I’d topped it up with a variety of car oil, motorbike oil of different grades etc. It survived ok, but then again it wasn’t getting hammered around a race track. Better than riding on empty though. For a sports bike revving like mad the oil has to put up with a lot more. So if you’re stuck in bumsville and the oil light comes on and you absolutely have no choice: read the manual for the ranges of oils you can put in it and try and find something within that. If you’re in a colder part of the world the lower number is going to be more critical. Also if it’s just a bit of a top up it won’t be as critical as filling the thing from empty. If in doubt and just needing to “limp home” I’d say car oil will suffice (hell, my GS500 didn’t blow up when I did that one time), just take it easy on the way home, keeping engine revs low, then change the oil as soon as possible. But it’s doubtful you’d be unable to find motorcycle oil at the nearest service station really.
I certainly wouldn’t mix oils on my 675. In general unless you’re going to drain it completely you want to be putting the exact same oil in (in case the detergents/additives from one don’t go well with another). So if you get it filled at a shop, ask them what type they put in, or tell them what type you want put in.
Anyhow, I hope I’m not misinformed with any of the above, comments welcome.